I. Mbiri
Mwambiri, zida zamankhwala chosawilitsidwa ndi ethylene oxide ayenera kusanthula ndikuwunikanso zotsalira, monga kuchuluka kwa zotsalira, monga kuchuluka kwa zotsalira kwambiri ndi thanzi la iwo omwe apezeka ndi chipangizochi. Ethylene oxide ndi gawo lapakati pa dongosolo lokhumudwitsa. Ngati atalumikizidwa ndi khungu, kutupa ndi kutupa kumachitika mwachangu, maluwa amachitika pakatha maola angapo, komanso kulumikizana mobwerezabwereza kumayambitsa chidwi. Kuwaza madzi m'maso kumatha kuyambitsa kuwotcha kwam'munda. Pankhani ya nthawi yayitali, neurasthenia syndrome ndi matenda a mantha amawoneka. It has been reported that the acute oral LD50 in rats is 330 mg/Kg, and that ethylene oxide can increase the rate of aberrations of bone marrow chromosomes in mice [1]. Mitengo yapamwamba ya carcinogenicity ndi kufa kwalembedwa kwa ogwira ntchito ku Ethylene oxide. [2] 2-chloroethanol amatha kuyambitsa khungu la erythema ngati mukukhudzana ndi khungu; Itha kulowetsedwa komaliza kuchititsa poizoni. Kulowetsedwa pakamwa kumatha kupha. Kuwonetsedwa kwakanthawi kwa nthawi yayitali kumatha kuwononga mphamvu yayikulu yamanjenje, mtima ndi mapapu. Zotsatira zapakhomo ndi zakunja za Ethylene Glycol amavomereza kuti poizoni wake ndi wotsika. Njira yake yopangira thupi mthupi ndi yofanana ndi ya Mowa Chifukwa chake, miyezo ingapo ili ndi zofunikira zotsalira pambuyo zosintha pambuyo steryyne oxide. Mwachitsanzo, GB / T 16886.7-2015 "Ethyleection Devices azachipatala Gawo 7: Yyleene Oxide ozizira Zotsalira za Ethylene oxide ndi 2-chloroenol.gb / chloroethanol omwe ali ndi GB / TA 16886.7-209.7-2015 ilinso yochepa. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kusanthula kwathunthu kupanga kwa zotsalira wamba (Ethylene oxide, 2-chlororoenol, ethylene glycol) kuchokera ku kupanga, mayendedwe ndi kusungiramo ethylene njira yazachiritso.
Ii. Kusanthula kwa zosankha zosatsatira
Kupanga kwa ethylene oxide kumagawidwa mu njira ya chlorohydrin ndi oxidation njira. Pakati pawo, njira ya chlorohydrin ndi njira yoyambirira yopanga ma oxide. Ili makamaka ili ndi njira ziwiri: gawo loyamba: C2H4 + HCLO - Ch2CL - Ch2oh; Gawo lachiwiri: Ch2cl - Chyoh2 - C2H4o + C2O. Kuchita kwake kwakanthawi kofunikira ndi 2-chlororoenol (CH2CL-Chnih). Chifukwa cha ukadaulo wakumbuyo wa chlorohydrin njira, kuipitsa kwakukulu kwa chilengedwe, komwe kumapangidwa ndi chopangidwa chachikulu cha zida zazikulu, opanga ambiri athetsedwa [4]. Njira ya oxidation [3] imagawika pamlengalenga ndi mpweya. Malinga ndi kuyera kosiyana ndi okosijeni, kupangidwa kwa zikuluzikulu kuli ndi njira ziwiri izi: Gawo loyamba: 2c2h4 + o2.4h4o; Gawo lachiwiri: C2H4 + 3O2 - 2Co2 + H2O. Pakadali pano, kupanga kwa mafakitale kwa ma ethylene oxide, kupanga mafakitale kwa ma ethyle a ethylene amatengera maxidation a ethylene ngati chothandizira. Chifukwa chake, kupanga kwa ethylene oxide ndi chifukwa chomwe chimatsimikizira kuwunika kwa 2-chlororonol pambuyo schelilization.
Ponena za zomwe zili mu GB / T 16886.7-2015 muyeso kuti mukwaniritse chitsimikizo ndi chitukuko cha ethylene oxide oxide, otsalira omwe alipo pambuyo poyambirira pambuyo pa fomu yotsatira pambuyo stenilrization. Zinthu zomwe zikukhudza kuchuluka kwa zotsalira zomwe zimaphatikizapo Athylene oxide ndi zida zamankhwala, kutenthetsa, ndi zinyezi, ndi zinthu zomwe zili pamwambapa zimapangitsa kuthawa kuthekera kwa ethylene oxide. Zalembedwa m'mabuku [5] kuti kuchuluka kwa ethylee oxiderizarization nthawi zambiri kumasankhidwa kukhala 300-1000mg.l-1. Zomwe zimatayika kwa ethylene oxide maswilirization makamaka zimaphatikizapo: Adsorptions ya zida zamankhwala, hydrolysis pansi pa mikhalidwe inayake, komanso. Kukhazikika kwa 500-600mg.l-1 ndizachuma komanso ogwira ntchito, kuchepetsa kumwa ethylene oxide ndi otsalira pazinthu zosasunthika, kupulumutsa mtengo wosakhazikika.
Chlorine ali ndi ntchito zingapo pamakampani opanga mankhwala, zinthu zambiri zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi ife. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati wapakatikati, monga vinyl chloride, kapena ngati chomaliza, monga bulwer. Nthawi yomweyo, chlorine iliponso mumlengalenga, madzi ndi malo ena, zovulaza thupi la munthu zimawonekeranso. Chifukwa chake, pamene zida zamankhwala sizimadulitsidwa ndi Ethylene oxide, kusanthula kokwanira kwa kupanga, kuphatikiza ndi magawo ena a malonda ayenera kutengeka, ndipo njira zopangidwira ziyenera kutengedwa kuti zithetse zonse ziwiri.
Zalembedwa m'mabuku [6] kuti zomwe zili mu 2-chlororoenol zidafika pafupifupi 150 μg / gawo la maola 72 Mu muyezo wa GB / T16886.7-2015, chlororothanol tsiku lililonse ya 2-chlororonol kwa wodwalayo sayenera kupitirira 9 mg, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kotsalira kumakhala kochepa kwambiri kuposa momwe mungathere.
Kafukufuku [7] anayesa zotsalira za Ethyle Coxide ndi 2-chlororoethanol m'mitundu itatu ya ethylene oxide anali ngati ulusi wa nylon wokhala ndi ulusi wa nylon . Yy 0167-2005 imalepheretsa kupezeka kwa ethylene oxide osachita zopangira opaleshoni, ndipo palibe cholakwika cha 2-chlororoenol. Kusintha kwa mafakitale ambiri kumafakitale popanga. Magulu anayi a madzi am'madzi athu pansi amagwira ntchito kudera loteteza mafakitale ndi thupi laumunthu, lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mpweya m'madzi, lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito popewa chiwongola dzanja . Chosakaniza chake chachikulu ndi calcium hypochlorite, chomwe chimapangidwa ndi kupatsira mpweya kwa chlorine kudzera mu miyala yamiyala. Calcium hypoclorite imasokonezedwa mosavuta mlengalenga, njira yayikulu yomwe ikuchitika: CO (CLA) 2 + CO2 + HONO-COCO3 + 2Ho-CO. Hypochlorite imangotetezedwa mosavuta mu hydrochloric acid ndi madzi pansi pa Kuwala, njira yayikulu yotsogola ndi: 2hclo + nyali-2hcl + o2. 2hcl + O2.chlorne shoons amadziletsa mosavuta mu madzi, komanso m'mizinda inayake ya acidic, alkaliline, ethylene oxidiyo amatsegula mphete ndi icho kupanga 2-chlororoethal.
Zalembedwa m'mabuku [8] kuti chotsalira 2 - chlororoethanol pa zitsanzo za iol zidachotsedwa ndi acetone ndikuwunika mpweya Gawo Lachitatu: Zofunikira "limanena kuti kuchuluka kwa 2-chlororoenol pa iol sikuyenera kukhala kopitilira 2.0μg patsiku lililonse, ndikuti kuchuluka kwa mandala iliyonse sikuyenera kupitirira 5.0 (T168886. 7-2015 Wolemba mawu osokoneza bongo omwe amayambitsidwa ndi 2-chloroethanol otsalira amakwera nthawi 4 kuposa zomwe zimayambitsa ethylene oxide.
Mwachidule, powunikira zotsalira zamankhwala azachipatala pambuyo pochita chosasunthika ndi Ethylene oxide, ethylene oxide ndi 2-chlororoenol ayenera kuyang'aniridwa kwenikweni malinga ndi momwe zinthu ziliri.
Panthawi yothira zinthu zamankhwala, zina mwa zida zopangira zosakwatiwa kapena zida zapamalo zimaphatikizapo Polyvinyl chloride (pvc), komanso kuchuluka kwa vinyl chloride Pa kukonza.gb10010-2009 Mapaipi ofewa a PVC amafotokozera kuti zomwe zili vcm sangathe kupitirira 1μg.g-1. VCM imasankhidwa mosavuta pansi pa ntchito ya catalysts (peroxides, etc) kapena kuwala kapena kutentha kuti apange polyvinyl chloride chlin. Vinyl chloride mosavuta pansi pa ntchito yothandizira (peroxide, etc.) kapena kuwala ndi kutentha kuti apange polyvinyl chloride, ma vinyl chlin. Pamene polyvinyl chloride imatenthedwa pamwamba pa 100 ° C kapena kuwululidwa ku radiation ya Ultraviolet, pali mwayi woti hydrogen chloride Mage atha kuthawa. Kenako kuphatikiza kwa hydrogen chloride gasi ndi ethylene oxide mkati mwa phukusi lipange kuchuluka kwa 2-chlororoenol.
Ethylene glycol, khola m'chilengedwe, sikuti azisinthasintha. Atomu wa oxygen mu Ethylene oxide amanyamula ma elekiti awiri a ma eleki ndipo ali ndi mphamvu yamphamvu, yomwe imapangitsa kuti ikhale yosavuta kupanga ethylene gloring masion. Mwachitsanzo: C2Ho +O + NACL + H2O - Ch2cl - chyoh + Naoh. Njirayi ndi yotsika mtengo kwambiri kumapeto ndipo patali kwambiri kumapeto, ndipo zoopsa zake zimakhala zochepa. A higher incidence is the formation of ethylene glycol from ethylene oxide in contact with water: C2H4O + H2O — CH2OH – CH2OH, and the hydration of ethylene oxide inhibits its binding to free chlorine negative ions.
Ngati chlorine ma ionssion a ions amayambitsidwa popanga, kuphatikiza, kusungidwa, mayendedwe ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida zamankhwala, pamakhala mwayi woti Ethyloenol achita nawo. Popeza njira ya chlorohydrin yachotsedwa ntchito yopanga, mawonekedwe ake apakati, 2-chlororoethanol, sadzachitika mu njira yachidziwitso. Pakupanga zida zamankhwala, zida zina zopangira zimakhala ndi ma adsorption a ethylene a ethylene o oxide ndi 2-chlororoethanol, motero kuwongolera kwa kuchuluka kwa zotsalazo ziyenera kuganiziridwa pambuyo podzisanthula pambuyo powasanthula pambuyo pake. Kuphatikiza apo, pakupanga zida zamankhwala, zida zopangira, zowonjezera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ethyleganilic zitheke, zotheka kuti ethylene mikhalidwe ya acidic Kuchita, ndikuphatikizana ndi mabotolo aulere a chlorine osokoneza bongo opanga 2-chlororoenol ayenera kuganiziridwa.
Pakadali pano, njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira ethylene oxide, 2-chlororoenol ndi ethylene glycol ndiye njira ya gasi. Ethylene oxide amathanso kupezeka ndi njira yoyeserera yofiyira, koma kutsimikizika kwake ndikuti kutsimikizika kwake ndikupangitsa kuti zinthu zitsimikizike zimakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zoyeserera za 37 ° C pa Malo oyesera kuti athetse zomwe Ethylene glycol, ndi nthawi yoika yankho kuti ayesedwe pambuyo pa kukonzekera kwa utoto. Chifukwa chake, kutsimikiziridwa kutsimikizika kwa njira yokhudza njira (kuphatikizapo kulondola, kulondola, chidwi, chidwi, etc.) mu labotale woyenera ndi wofunikira kwambiri pakuzindikira.
Iii. Zowonetsera panjira yowunikiranso
Ethylene oxide, 2-chlororothanol ndi ethylene glycol ndi zotsalira poyerekeza ndi ma ethylene othiratiration yazachipatala. Kuti mukwaniritse zowunikira zotsalira, kukhazikitsa zinthu mogwirizana pakupanga ndi kusungirako ethylene oxide, kupanga ndi kuwaza zitsamba zamankhwala kuyenera kuganiziridwa.
Pali zinthu zina ziwiri zomwe ziyenera kuyang'ana pa ntchito yeniyeni ya chipangizo chowunikira: 1. Kaya ndikofunikira kuchita kuyesedwa kwa zotsalira za 2-chlororoenol. Popanga ethylene oxide, ngati njira ya chlrohydrin imagwiritsidwa ntchito, ngakhale kuyeretsedwa, ngakhale kuti mitundu ina idzatengedwa popanga, chlororoethal mpaka pamlingo wina. ziyenera kuyesedwa. Ngati njira ya oxidation imagwiritsidwa ntchito, palibe kulowetsedwa kwa 2-chlororoethanol, koma zotsalazo zotsalazo, zothandizira, etc. mu ethyyne njira yoyenera kuyenera kuwerengedwa. Zipangizo zamankhwala zimagwiritsa ntchito madzi ambiri opanga mafakitale popanga, ndipo ma hypochlorite ndi chlorne osokoneza bongo komanso mankhwala osokoneza bongo amapangidwira mu chinthu chomaliza, chomwe ndi zifukwa zomwe zingatheke kwa otsala. Palinso milandu yomwe zida zophatikizira ndi kunyamula zida zamankhwala ndi mchere wambiri wokhala ndi maboti osakhazikika ndipo sizophweka kuphwanya chomangiracho, motero sichofunikira kupenda mosamala ngati chiopsezo cha 2-chlororoethal Zotsalira ziyenera kuyesedwa pakuwunika, ndipo ngati pali umboni wokwanira kuwonetsa kuti sadzadziwitsidwa mu 2-chlororothanol kapena otsika kuposa momwe njira yopezerayo, mayesowo akhoza kunyalanyaza kuti aziwongolera chiopsezo. 2. Kwa ethylene glycol yowunikira kuwunika kwatsalira. Poyerekeza ndi Ethylene oxide ndi 2-chloroethanol, kuphatikizika kwa zotsalira za Ethylene Glynchol, koma chifukwa ndi madzi a ethylene awonekeranso ndi mpweya ndi madzi amakonda kubala ethylene glycol, ndi Zomwe zili mu ethylene glycol pambuyo pa zowiritsa ndizogwirizana ndi kuyera kwa Ethylene oxide, komanso kutentha kwa microorganisms, ndipo chinyontho mu tizilombo toyambitsa, chinyezi . Kuwunika.
Miyezo ndi imodzi mwazida za kuwunika kwa madongosolo azachipatala, kuwunika kwaukadaulo kwa zida zamankhwala kuyenera kuyang'ana zofunikira pakutetezeka ndi luso, kusungidwa, kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kusanthula kwathunthu kwa zinthu zomwe zimakhudza Kutetezedwa ndi kugwira ntchito kwa chiphunzitsocho komanso kuchitapo kanthu, kutengera sayansi, kutengera zenizeni, m'malo mongotchulapo za kapangidwe kazinthu, kafukufuku ndi chitukuko, kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito. Ntchito yowunikirayi iyenera kumvetsera mwachidwi dongosolo lazida zamankhwala kuti muchepetse maulalo oyenera, nthawi yomweyo pa intaneti ikuyeneranso kukhala "zovuta" Sinthani mtundu wa zowunikirapo, cholinga cha kuwunika kwa sayansi.
Source: Concomitsani kuwunika kwaukadaulo kwa zida zamankhwala, boma
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Post Nthawi: Sep-21-2023